Fig. 1: Low-intensity exercise before sleep is better than after waking for weight control, contractile performance, and glucose tolerance.
From: Muscle Rev-erb controls time-dependent adaptations to chronic exercise in mice
a Treadmill training scheme. b Body weight (n = 10 mice/group), *p = 0.0067, 0.0161, 0.0191, and 0.0147 for EX_AM vs. EX_PM; #p = 0.0316, 0.0363, 0.0358, and 0.0360 for EX_AM vs. Rest, with 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA and Tukey test. c Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis of body composition at 6 months of age (n = 6 mice for Rest, n = 7 mice for EX_AM or EX_PM). *p = 0.0013 (Rest vs. EX_AM) and 0.0316 (EX_AM vs. EX_PM) by 2-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test. d Average daily food intake at 6 months old (n = 10 mice). e Forelimb grip strength at 7 months old (n = 10). *p = 0.0095 (EX-AM vs. Rest at ZT23-1), 0.0392 (EX-AM vs. EX-PM at ZT23-1), 0.0003 (EX-AM vs. Rest at ZT11-13), and 0.036 (EX-AM vs. EX-PM at ZT11-13) by 2-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test. f Wire hang tests at 7 months old (n = 10 mice). *p = 0.0001 (EX-AM vs. Rest at ZT23-1), 0.0001 (EX-AM vs. EX-PM at ZT23-1), and 0.046 (EX-AM vs. Rest at ZT11-13) by 2-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test. g Treadmill speed profile. h Distance traveled before receiving 50 shocks at 7 months old (n = 10 mice). *p = 0.0001 (EX-AM vs. Rest at ZT23-1), 0.002 (EX-PM vs. Rest at ZT23-1), 0.0007 (EX-AM vs. EX-PM at ZT23-1), 0.0085 (EX-AM vs. Rest at ZT11-13), and 0.0165 (EX-PM vs. Rest at ZT11-13) by 2-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test. i, j GTT at 8 months old (n = 10 mice). Data are mean ± SD. *p = 0.0035, 0.013, 0.0325, and 0.0068 for EX_AM vs. EX_PM; #p = 0.0004, 0.0074, 0.0495, and 0.0068 at ZT23-1 or 0.0256 at ZT11-13 for EX_AM vs. Rest with 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test. k Area under the curve (AUC) for the GTT tests. *p = 0.0001 (EX-AM vs. Rest at ZT23-1), 0.0004 (EX-AM vs. EX-PM at ZT23-1), and 0.0184 (EX-AM vs. Rest at ZT11-13) by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Data are mean ± SEM unless otherwise specified.
