Fig. 1: Schematic diagram illustrating the preparation of CpE@BMV and the proposed mechanism of action to enhance antimicrobial immune response. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Schematic diagram illustrating the preparation of CpE@BMV and the proposed mechanism of action to enhance antimicrobial immune response.

From: Bacterial membrane nanovesicles encapsulating prodrug assemblies combine chemical and immunological therapies for chronic bacterial infection

Fig. 1

a Preparation of CpE@BMV via BMV cloaked prodrug CpE. BMV was extracted from E. coli. Prodrug CpE was synthesized using Cip and Ea with a pba linker. b CpE@BMV facilitated bacterial killing and immune regulator. 1#: E. coli was killed by CpE@BMV, resulting in the release of PAMPs that combined with BMV to induce macrophage polarization; 2#: M0 macrophage polarized into M1-like macrophage for efficient phagocytosis of E. coli; 3#: uptakes of CpE@BMV nanoparticles led to Ea release, further reprogramming M1-like to M2-like macrophage; 4#: generated PAMPs was delivered into immature DC; 5#: promoted DC maturation; 6#: naïve T cells were activated and differentiated into specific CD8+ T cells for eliminated E.coli; 7#: activated naïve T cells differentiated into CD4+ T cells; 8#: B cells was activated by CD4+ T cells and contributed to the elimination of E. coli.

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