Fig. 2: Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) deployment portfolio and energy system indicators.
From: Separating CO2 emission from removal targets comes with limited cost impacts
CDR deployment by technology in 2030, 2040 and 2050 respectively (panel a). Note the different scales of y-axes between panels. Panel b displays deviations of energy system indicators with respect to the scenario with economically optimal CDR (7 GtCO2 per yr) (biomass and fossil primary energy (PE), carbon capture (CC) and carbon capture and storage (CCS), liquid fuels price increases in percent from 2020 to 2050 and total synthetic fuels (synfuels) demand. All scenarios have a sustainability limit on total lignocellulosic biomass supply of 100 EJ per yr, which is fully exploited in all scenarios in the second half of the century. Note that CC refers to the total amount of captured carbon with yet undefined destination (CCU or CCS). CCS refers to the amount of captured carbon that is stored geologically, and CCU refers to the complement that is not stored but used to produce synthetic fuels. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
