Table 1 Components of the separate emission targets divided into ‘nCDR’ and ‘CO2 emissions’ used throughout this study

From: Separating CO2 emission from removal targets comes with limited cost impacts

CO2 Removals (nCDR)

CO2 Emissions (excluding nCDR)

BECCS (four supply side technology routes)

Gross energy

DACCS

Industrial processes

Enhanced Weathering

Land-use

Industry CDR (demand side CCS with carbon neutral fuels such as biofuels or synthetic fuels)

Land-use change (including positive emissions from deforestation or conversion of carbon rich land and removals from afforestation/reforestation)