Fig. 1: The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of tungsten nanotips with apex radii (Rm) ranging from 2 nm to 190 nm.

a Rm = 2 nm. b Rm = 3 nm. c Rm = 4 nm. d Rm = 5 nm. e Rm = 6 nm. f Rm = 17 nm. g Rm = 20 nm. h Rm = 43 nm. i Rm = 55 nm. j Rm = 60 nm. k Rm = 70 nm. l Rm = 100 nm. m Rm = 170 nm. n Rm = 180 nm. o Rm = 190 nm.