Fig. 3: Insights into catalyst structure changes.

a Charge density difference diagram of PW12-CoFe LDH. Yellow: charge accumulation; cyan: charge depletion. b ELF plot of PW12-CoFe LDH (top) and CoFe LDH (bottom). In situ (c) Co and (d) Fe K-edge XANES spectra of PW12-CoFe LDH during ASO. e Shifts in the Co and Fe K-edge positions extracted from in situ XANES spectra. f In situ FT-EXAFS of Fe K-edge spectra for PW12-CoFe LDH. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.