Fig. 5: Application of catalyst.

a Schematic of the flow electrolytic cell with symmetric seawater supply. b Polarization curves of PW12-CoFe LDH/NF | |Pt/C/NF (60–80 °C) versus RuO₂/NF | |Pt/C/NF (60 °C) without iR compensation. c Continuous electrolysis tests at 1.0 A cm⁻² in 1 M KOH + seawater for PW12-CoFe LDH/NF | |Pt/C/NF at 60 and 80 °C without iR compensation. d Comparison of the electrolysis durability of PW12-CoFe LDH/NF anodes with that of recently reported ASO anodes evaluated in flow cells. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.