Fig. 4: X-ray detection performance and strain-insensitivity in wearable application.

a X-ray response of the champion detector based on composite membrane under dose rates ranging from 0.74 μGy_air s⁻¹ to 0.03 μGy_air s⁻¹ under a bias voltage of 5 V. b Current density as a function of incident dose rate of the X-ray detector. The horizontal dashed line is the noise current of the detector that corresponds to an SNR of 3. c Long-term stability of the composite membrane detectors (structure is glass/ITO/composite membrane/Ag) in ambient air with a relative humidity of 55%. d Photograph of a large-area flexible detector with a 10 × 10 pixel array. The scale bar is 5 cm. e Schematic illustration of the X-ray imaging process. f Dark current map and X-ray images with the letter “J” captured by the large-area flexible detector with a 10 × 10 pixel array. The X-ray image is obtained under an X-ray dose rate of 15.41 μGy_air s⁻¹. g Schematic diagram of the bending direction of the flexible detectors. Dependence of (h) dark current and (i) normalized sensitivity on applied global strain of lateral devices based on pure perovskite membrane and composite membrane. j Photograph of a composite detector assembled on a robot hand for real-time monitoring of X-ray intensity. The robot hand underwent alternating gestures of open and clench. k Current–time curves of the X-ray detector under different conditions. The blue line was measured with the hand open or clenched while maintaining radiation. The red line and the black line were recorded under X-ray on-off conditions while the hand kept opening or clenching, respectively. Comparison of all response currents for open and clench movement and keeping states is shown in the right panel.