Fig. 1: Epidemiological trends of virus-associated cancers.

A Incidence ratios of virus-associated and non-virus-associated cancers analyzed using two-sided Fisher’s Exact Test. Data are presented as point estimates (M/F incidence ratios) with error bars indicating 95% confidence intervals. ANKL (92/48), GC (659302/309048), HCC (16091/3744), HL (60913/40219), HNSCC (266342/154358), MCC (521/352), NKTCL (787/370), NPC (29769/12855), PBL (443/148), PCNSL (1814/1286), ALL (3239/2380), BCC (121701/51529), Bladder (487885/125906), CLL (9908/5249), Colorectum (622/348), Esophagus (13067/5857), Gallbladder (47920/74542), Glioblastoma (31071/19801), Kidney (287986/146433), Lung (2861/1416), Melanoma (21469/18141), Pancreas (105/55), Thyroid (207549/613624). B Virus-positive and virus-negative tumors in virus-associated cancers in males compared to females (M/F) reported in selected published studies, analyzed using two-sided Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. Each point corresponds to an incidence ratio reported in a published study in Supplementary Data 2. ANKL, aggressive NK-cell leukemia; GC, gastric cancer; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HL, Hodgkin lymphoma; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; MCC, Merkel cell carcinoma; NKTCL, Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma; NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma; PBL, plasmablastic lymphoma; PCNSL, primary central nervous system lymphoma; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; BCC, basal cell carcinoma; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; BL, Burkitt lymphoma. C, D Estimated incidence rates of EBV-positive HL (C) and EBV-negative HL (D) by country. E, F Estimated incidence rates of EBV-positive NPC (E) and EBV-negative NPC (F) by country. Map data from Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/, public domain), produced by rnaturalearth R package¹⁹⁴. ASR, age-standardized rate. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.