Fig. 3: Mutation signatures in virus-associated cancers.

A, B MCC (n = 71), (C, D) GC (n = 436), (E, F) HNSCC (n = 487). Total mutations (top bar plot) and proportion of mutations associated with each signature (bottom stacked plot) in virus-positive compared to virus-negative cases. Signatures identified from SigProfilerExtractor are shown. Signature names with SBS96, DBS78, or ID83 followed by a capital letter are de novo mutational signatures identified from the cancer cohort, which could not be decomposed into known COSMIC (v.3.4) signatures. The rest are decomposed COMSIC signatures. Schematic representation of the effect of the absence of processes behind key mutation signatures in virus-associated cases is shown in (B) MCC (MCPyV-positive). MCC, Merkel cell carcinoma; GC, gastric cancer; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. B, D, F Data are presented as median values with interquartile range (25th–75th percentile). P values are calculated by a two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.