Fig. 4: Thermal analysis on the temperature-dependent reaction process of Al/CuO/V2C.

a The DSC curves of Al/CuO/V2C with the concentration of V2C vary from 0 – 20 wt%, the exothermic peaks are upward. b The heat of reaction for Al/CuO/V2C with the percentage of V2C vary from 0 – 20 wt%. Parts 1 and 2 represent the first and second exothermic peaks shown in (a), respectively. c The DSC curves of Al/CuO/V2C (10 wt% V2C content) with equivalent ratio (Φ) from 0.8 to 1.8. d The TG curves correspond to the same samples in (a). e The PXRD curves of reaction products of Al/CuO/V2C (10 wt% V2C content) heating at different temperatures. f Deconvoluted XPS peaks at O 1 s/V 2p region for reaction products of Al/CuO/V2C (10 wt% V2C content) heating at different temperatures, the original data and fitted curves are hidden for clarity. All measurements are performed in an air atmosphere. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.