Fig. 5: Energetic performance of Al/CuO/V2C.

a–d The open burn results of Al/CuO (a), Al/CuO/V2C with 1 wt% V2C content (b), Al/CuO/V2C with 5 wt% V2C content (c), Al/CuO/V2C with 10 wt% V2C content (d). Scale bar: 10 mm. e Dynamic pressure for Al/CuO/V2C samples with different concentrations of V2C, each error band consists of two tests. f The peak pressure and pressurization rate of Al/CuO/V2C samples from two tests, the gray region in (f) is to highlight the difference between low and high concentrations. The mean values and standard deviations in (e) (f) are derived from two biological replicates, data are presented as mean values +/− SD as appropriate. The data used to calculate the center of the error band and SD in (e) is obtained from the pressures of two tests at the same time. The experiments for (a–d) were repeated three times independently with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.