Fig. 6: Binding mechanism of Al/CuO/V₂C.

a The Raman spectra of Al, CuO, V₂C, Al/V₂C, CuO/V₂C, and Al/CuO/V₂C (10 wt% V₂C content), the dashed line represents the Cu-O-V vibrational peak. b The FT-IR spectra of Al, CuO, V₂C, Al/V₂C, CuO/V₂C, and Al/CuO/V₂C, the dashed lines represent -CH₂-CH₂- vibrational peaks. c Comparison of CuO/V₂C and Al/CuO/V₂C XPS curves in Cu 2p region, the gray arrows represent the direction of the shift of Cu²⁺ 2p peaks. d The mean values of zeta potential of different samples: Al, CuO, V₂C, Al/CuO, Al/CuO/V₂C with concentration of V₂C from 1–20%. e Illustration of the oxygen diffusion pathway during the thermite reaction of the Al/CuO sample. f Illustration of the oxygen diffusion pathway during the thermite reaction of the Al/CuO/V₂C sample. The mean values and standard deviations in (d) are derived from three biological replicates, data are presented as mean values +/− SD as appropriate. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.