Fig. 1: WA-1/BA.5 bivalent booster immunization of hybrid immune animals expands cross-reactive B cell responses. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: WA-1/BA.5 bivalent booster immunization of hybrid immune animals expands cross-reactive B cell responses.

From: Coordinated early immune response in the lungs is required for effective control of SARS-CoV-2 replication

Fig. 1

A Study design, indicating immunization and infection history, and blood and tissue sampling schedule. Hybrid immune and infected-only rhesus macaques were generated in an earlier study (gray-shaded rectangle) through protein subunit immunization (hybrid immune) and infection with SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 or P.1 strains (hybrid immune and infected-only). B, C Serum neutralizing titers after bivalent booster immunization against SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 (B) and Omicron BA.4/5 (C). Arrow indicates immunization (n = 3-12). Infected-only group was not immunized. D Fold increase in WA-1 and BA.4/5 neutralizing titers two weeks after immunization compared to pre-immunization titers (n = 3–12). Statistical analysis was performed only using the data from hybrid immune NHPs. E, F Neutralization of WA-1 and different Omicron sublineages before and after bivalent booster immunization (E) and the fold increase in neutralizing titers two weeks after immunization compared to pre-immunization titers (F) (n = 3–12). G Representative flow cytometry plots depicting Spike-specific IgG memory B cells before and after bivalent booster. H Cumulative frequency of Spike-specific IgG memory B cells in the blood before and after bivalent booster (n = 3–12). I Frequencies of IgG memory B cells of different specificities in the blood before and after bivalent booster (n = 3-12). J Fold increase in IgG memory B cells of different specificities two weeks after immunization compared to pre-immunization (n = 3-12). Statistical analysis was performed only using the data from hybrid immune NHPs. Data is presented as geometric mean ± geometric SD (B–D, F, J) or arithmetic mean ± SEM (H). Horizontal dotted line represents a lower level of detection (B, D, E) or a fold change of 1 (D, F, J). Statistical analysis was performed using a non-parametric two-tailed Wilcoxon test (D), non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s correction for multiple analysis (I) or Friedman test with Dunn’s correction for multiple analysis (J), LLOD lower level of detection. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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