Fig. 7: Experimental setup and electrical stimulation (ES) protocol design.

a Experimental setup (including a shielded cage, integrated electrophysiological recording and ES system, and electrochemical workstation). b 40 Hz discrete ES protocol (six 400 s current pulses: one pulse at 100 μA, two pulses at 200 μA, and three pulses at 300 μA, with at least 5 min of rest between stimulations). a Created in BioRender. Lv, S. (2025) https://BioRender.com/0sxum4f.