Fig. 3: 90-year sea level reconstruction for the central Indian Ocean.
a Sea level reconstruction from the pedestal microatoll 1930-1992 and modern coral/microatoll growth 2006–2019 (Fig. 2). Dashed lines represented lines of best fit for the periods 1930–1959, 1960–1992, 1990–2019. The source data of annual coral surface elevations are provided in a Source Data file. Source of El Niño data from NOAA (at Climate Prediction Center - ONI (Oceanic Niño Index)) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (at historical IOD events). Note: purple triangles represent the elevation of annual growth bands during catch-up vertical growth of the coral due to relative submergence, as depicted in Supplementary Fig. 6. These points are not an accurate reflection of sea level and were excluded from further analysis of rates of sea-level change. b Monthly mean sea level record (1987–2020) from the Gan tide gauge, Addu atoll, 108.45 km south of the field location. PSMSL Station ID 1707, Lat 0.683333o S, Long 73.15oE. The red line is the annual mean sea level. Source: Data and Station Information for GAN II (psmsl.org). c Modelled changes in sea level based on trends presented in (a).
