Fig. 4: Evolution of interfacial polarization.

a The complex impedance plots of all the samples. b and c The combined spectroscopic plots of Z” and M” recorded at 530 °C for the representative samples of NBT and 0.55NBCSNLT, respectively. d Δf as a function of xNBCSNLT content. e Curves of G-1/2, Eg, and Eb as a function of Δf. f SEM images, g dielectric constant, h local electric field distributions, i breakdown path, j electric potential, k final breakdown state for the NBT and 0.55NBCSNLT samples.