Fig. 1: Abundant baculoviral homologs in Araneae genomic data.

a Survey strategy and flowchart illustrating the process of discovering baculoviral homologs (BHs) in arachnids. Different search methods and targets founded are represented by different colors and marked; the numbers indicate the survey order. The thresholds of different survey strategy are labelled alongside. b PCA result of different taxon within AFDB50 harboring baculoviral homologs. The result was binned into three clusters using K-mean analysis. The Cluster 1 includes a spider species (Araneus ventricosus), four parasitoid wasps (Cotesia chilonis, Chelonus inanitus, Fopius arisanus, and Venturia canescens) and an aphid (Aphis glycines), all of which reported to contain NALDV integrations except A. ventricosus. c Structures identified in the AFDB50 from A. ventricosus, along with their homologous proteins from AcMNPV. The structures are color-coded based on secondary structure. The estimated probability for query and target to be homologous (Prob.) and their sequence identity (Seq. Id.) from Foldseek are labeled below. d Diagram shows the scaffolds containing BHs in the WGS database from the order Araneae. The outer rings represent information on the families and species. The target number of scaffolds from each family are presented on the side. All the scaffolds from single species were concatenated. The diagram was visualized via anvi’o. e BHs identified in genomes of different species in the class Arachnida are shown in a heatmap. The classification of species is labeled below the heatmap. The results in (d and e) obtained by querying 22 distinct homologs of baculovirus core proteins identified in A. ventricosus using MMseqs2 against WGS database. The homologs of 22 distinct baculoviral core proteins are classed into two group based on their function.