Fig. 1: Schematic illustration for the preparation and therapeutic application of BCSO NSs.

a Schematic illustration of the synthesis process for BCSO NSs. b Schematic illustration of the multifaceted energy conversion effects based on superlattice 2D BCSO nanocatalysts for theranostic applications. c BCSO NSs-mediated PTE catalytic therapy effectively generates abundant ROS, disrupting the intracellular homeostasis within bacteria for non-invasive treatment of wound infections. d Sono-piezocatalysis enhanced nanocatalytic therapy induces apoptosis and synergistic ferroptosis in melanoma cells, thereby significantly improving antitumor efficacy.