Fig. 1: Climatology of urbanization effects on precipitation (2001–2023).
From: Asymmetric shifts in precipitation due to urbanization across global cities
a–e Spatial distribution of urbanization effects (UP, %) on total, drizzle, light, moderate, and heavy precipitation across 741 cities. f Spatial distribution of urbanization effects on the heavy-to-light precipitation ratio (HLP). Urbanization effects are quantified as the precipitation difference between urban areas and their surrounding rural counterparts (see “Methods”). Cities outlined in black indicate statistically significant differences. Pie charts illustrate the proportion of cities exhibiting varying urbanization effects, while the boxplot summarizes the statistical distribution of these effects. The box represents the interquartile range (25th–75th percentiles), and whiskers denote the minimum and maximum values excluding outliers. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
