Fig. 3: Partitioning of urbanization effects on precipitation.
From: Asymmetric shifts in precipitation due to urbanization across global cities
a–c Probability density distributions of urbanization effects on frequency, intensity, and amount for light precipitation. Vertical dashed and dotted lines indicate the median and ±1 standard deviation, respectively. Blue and pink shaded areas represent positive (increase) and negative (decrease) effects, with colored numbers denoting the corresponding area under the curve. d Urbanization effects on partitioned components of light precipitation. Gray numbers indicate the number of cities analyzed. Asterisks (***) denote statistically significant differences between urban and rural areas at the 99.9% confidence level. e–g Same as (a–c), but for heavy precipitation. h Same as (d), but for heavy precipitation. Note that the x-axis in (a–c, e–g) and the y-axis in (d, h) are logarithmic to partition changes in precipitation amount into frequency and intensity components (see “Methods”). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
