Fig. 4: Diurnal variability of urbanization effects on precipitation.
From: Asymmetric shifts in precipitation due to urbanization across global cities
a Diurnal cycle of light precipitation over urban and rural regions. b Median urbanization effects (UP, %) on light precipitation across global cities. Statistical significance is assessed using the non-parametric notch method at the 95% confidence level. Circle size indicates the proportion of cities with increased light precipitation; error bars represent uncertainty in the median estimated via a bootstrap method (n = 10,000). The dashed line denotes the fitted diurnal cycle, with the gray shaded area indicating its 95% confidence interval. c, d Same as (a, b), but for heavy precipitation. In (d), circle size indicates the proportion of cities with decreased heavy precipitation. e, f Same as (c, d), but for the heavy-to-light precipitation ratio (HLP). In (f), circle size indicates the proportion of cities with decreased HLP. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
