Fig. 5: Visualization and correlation between HTDs and non-affine regions from \({\overrightarrow{u}}_{NA}\).

a–c The location of HTDs with hyperbolic and radial nature in the non-affine field at γ = 0.099 are shown in two dimensional projections (xy, yz and xz planes) in magenta (hyperbolic) and green (radial), respectively. The yellow regions are the plastic soft spots, identified using Method (II), i.e., the 5% of particles with the highest values of \(|{\overrightarrow{u}}_{NA}|\). d The 3D configuration with defects locations and soft spots at γ = 0.099 is shown. e The average spatial correlation between monopoles and soft spots and between anti-monopoles and soft spots. f The average spatial correlation of hyperbolic and radial defects with soft spots are shown in magenta and green, respectively. All HTDs, distinguished by their charges or geometric nature, are identified within the non-affine displacement field. The average is calculated over several γ values corresponding to sudden stress drops, and error bars are included.