Fig. 2: Magnetic field-induced highly hydrated SO₄²⁻ reorients and stabilizes interfacial water.

a Change in the ATR-FTIR spectrum of the high-frequency librational motion with the magnetic pretreatment time. b Raman peaks representing Zn²⁺ solvation configurations. c FTIR spectrum of a series of SO₄²⁻ structures. d Raman spectra of a series of ν-SO₄²⁻ antisymmetric stretching vibrations. e Change in the FTIR spectrum between 2600 and 4000 cm⁻¹ with the magnetic pretreatment time. f ¹H chemical shift of H₂O. g ESP mapping of the original Zn²⁺‒H₂O, Zn²⁺‒6H₂O, H⁺‒6H₂O, and SO₄²⁻‒4H₂O solvation structures. h Mulliken charges of Zn²⁺‒H₂O and Zn²⁺‒6H₂O. i Binding energies of Zn²⁺‒H₂O, H⁺‒H₂O, Zn²⁺‒6H₂O, the DDAA water structure and SO₄²⁻‒H₂O. j O‒H bond lengths of Zn²⁺‒H₂O, the DDAA water structure, H⁺‒H₂O, Zn²⁺‒6H₂O, and SO₄²⁻‒H₂O.