Fig. 6: Schematic illustration of Paschen–Back-effect-driven coordination modulation of SO42− hydration for dendrite-free Zn-ion batteries.

The Paschen–Back effect disrupts the HB network (DDAA), reduces H3O+-mediated proton transfer, and regulates ion solvation. This promotes DDA-type water cluster formation and enhances SO42− hydration, facilitating Zn(002) preferential growth, reducing H3O+ concentration, and improving Zn stripping efficiency. These modifications effectively suppress dendrite growth and HER, and enhance electrode corrosion resistance through interfacial repulsion.