Fig. 8: In vivo bone regeneration in rat cranial defect model.

a Process illustration of the in vivo bone regeneration assessments. b PCA plots for different samples. c GO enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes associated with ROS damage, bone destruction, and inflammation in harvested cranial bone tissue. d Heat maps illustrating the differential expression profiles. The data in (b–d) were representative of three biologically independent samples from each group. e H&E staining and f Masson’s trichrome staining of regenerated bones induced by different scaffolds. g Coronal views of the defect areas from micro-CT images. h Quantitative analysis of bone volume (BV/TV, n = 3 biologically independent mice per group) and i trabecular number (Tb.N, n = 3 biologically independent mice per group) induced by different scaffolds. j Immunofluorescence staining of Runx2, BMP-2, and COLI from different scaffolds. The images in (e–g, j) were representative of three biologically independent samples from each group. k Quantitative analysis of the Runx2 positive cell numbers (n = 3 biologically independent mice per group). l Quantitative analysis of the BMP-2 positive cell numbers (n = 3 biologically independent mice per group). Data are presented as mean ± SD, and ns represents no significant difference; In (c), P-values were obtained from one-sided Hypergeometric test without multiple comparisons. The assessment in (h, i, k, l) of P-values was performed by a two-tailed Student’s t-test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.