Fig. 1: Phylogeny of the Vitaceae and morphology of their flowers.

Phylogenetic tree predicted from single-copy orthologues in angiosperms. The branches represent divergence times in million years. Bars around each node represent 95% confidence intervals. L. coccinea was used as an outgroup to the Vitaceae family. Calibration points are depicted at the nodes (1–3) using black circles. Bootstrap values greater than 80 are indicated. The symbols ♀, ♂ and ⚥ represent the female, male, and hermaphrodite flower sex type present in each clade, respectively. Picture of a female flower from Tetrastigma was modified from ref. 105. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.