Fig. 5: Performance and applications of carbon-electrode perovskite solar modules (C-PSMs) by MPW.

a Schematic of preparing C-PSM by MPW and module architecture. b Minimized distance (P2) between perovskite films written by marker pen. c Champion J-V curves of rigid and flexible annealed 4 cm × 4 cm C-PSMs (inset: photograph of the rigid C-PSM). d Demonstration of handwritten C-PSMs as power sources to drive the hygrothermograph. e Demonstration of flexible C-PSMs as wearable power sources to charge a smart wristband. f Demonstration of (i) foldability, (ii) bendability, (iii) twistability of flexible C-PSMs, and (iv) their application as wearable power sources for a mobile phone. g Demonstration of handwritten ITO- and annealing-free PSMs on (i) rubber balloons, with the sub-cell configuration of PH1000/PTAA/perovskite/PCBM/BCP/Ag nanowires (NWs), and their application as power sources for an electronic watch under (ii) inflation and (iii) deflation conditions. h Demonstration of handwritten ITO- and annealing-free PSMs on (i) cellophane paper, (ii, iii) their foldability, and (iv) their application as power sources for a light-emitting diode (LED). i Biomimetic solar leaf handwritten by marker pen and its practical application as the power source for an LED under (i) tree shade and (ii) illumination conditions.