Fig. 4: Kinetic rates of all four coronaviruses (CoVs): Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 1, SARS-CoV-2, middle east respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), and human CoV-229E (HCoV-229E).

Experiments were conducted in triplicates and error bars are standard error. A Relative intensities of respective substrate species were summed for each cleavage site (CS) and plotted over time on a logarithmic scale, resulting in a linear fit illustrating first-order kinetics of the otherwise exponential fitting model. The standard error of the mean (SEM) is also provided. B Extracted kinetic rates for each CS k in min⁻¹ at 0 °C. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.