Fig. 1: Less obstetric complications and an improved fetal growth in subsequent human pregnancies.

a–i Maternal and fetal data from pregnant women in their first and second pregnancy, respectively, enrolled in the prospective birth cohort study PRINCE (n = 78) conducted at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf including (b) maternal age (1^st: n = 78, 2^nd: n = 77, p = 0.0004), c maternal BMI (1^st: n = 78, 2^nd: n = 55), d pregnancy complication (1^st: n = 54, 2^nd: n = 54), e estimated fetal weight assessed via prenatal ultrasound (1^st trimester: 1^st: n = 46, 2^nd: n = 46; 2^nd trimester: 1^st: n = 48, 2^nd: n = 48); 3^rd trimester: 1^st: n = 47, 2^nd: n = 46), f birth weight (1^st: n = 78, 2^nd: n = 52), g birth weight stratified by neonatal sex (male: 1^st: n = 44, 2^nd: n = 25; female: 1^st: n = 34, 2^nd: n = 27), h gestation length (1^st: n = 78, 2^nd: n = 61) and i APGAR score at 5 minutes (1^st: n = 51, 2^nd: n = 52). j, k Flow cytometry analysis of PBMCs obtained from pregnant women (n = 15) of each trimester in their 1^st and 2^nd pregnancy, including frequency of CD4⁺ Treg cells (j) along with their CD73 expression (k). b–d, f–k Data are presented as violin plots with individual point and median and quartiles. e Data are presented as mean values±SEM. The statistical significance was calculated using Student’s t-test for comparing two groups (b–f, h, i), Two-way-Anova (g) and One-way-ANOVA (j, k). See Supplementary Fig. 1 for gating strategy. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.