Fig. 1: CircATXN1 was upregulated in partial EndMT endothelial cells.

a IFS of HCMECs cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions or treated with TGF-β (20 ng/mL), stained for CD31 (green), αSMA (red), and DAPI (blue) (n = 8 IF images, scale bars = 20 μm). b Western blot analysis of CD31, VE-cadherin, fibronectin, αSMA, and FSP1 protein expression in hypoxia-treated HCMECs, with β-actin as the control (n = 3 biological replicates). c The viability of HCMECs cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions or treated with TGF-β (20 ng/mL) was determined by a CCK-8 assay (n = 8 biological replicates). d Tube formation assays of HCMECs cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions or treated with TGF-β (20 ng/mL) (n = 4 biological replicates, scale bar, 100 μm). e Volcano plot of differentially expressed circRNAs between normoxic and hypoxic HCMECs. f RT-qPCR of circATXN1 in hypoxic HCMECs and MCMECs, with ANGPTL2 as a positive control and β-actin as an internal control (n = 4 biological replicates). g, h circATXN1 expression in hypoxic heart muscle: RT-qPCR and IFS for CD31 (green) and circATXN1 (red) with DAPI staining (blue) in the infarcted border zone post-MI (n = 8 biological replicates, scale bars = 50 µm). i Expression of circATXN1 in the public RNA-seq dataset GSE100206. FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads) and TPM (Transcripts Per Million) were used methods for quantifying gene expression level. j circATXN1 expression in peripheral blood exosomes in patients with myocardial infarction and lower limb ischemia compared to the control group (n = 32 patients). Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test for (c, d); Wald test and Benjamini & Hochberg method was used for p-value calculating and adjustment for (e); two-Way ANOVA with multiple comparisons test for (f); unpaired two-tailed Student t test for (g, j). Error bars represent SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.