Fig. 5: Evaluation of TIVelo’s performance on RPE1-FUCCI and U2OS-FUCCI with cell-cycle score.

a UMAP plots for RPE1-FUCCI and U2OS-FUCCI, colored by cell-cycle score of each cell. b Comparative velocity stream plots produced by TIVelo, veloVI and scVelo (stochastic mode) on RPE1-FUCCI. c Violin plots showing the comparison of sign accuracy across all positions (n = 290 positions) in RPE1-FUCCI, produced by TIVelo and six other benchmarking methods. The mean sign accuracy of each method is annotated below. In the box plot inside each violin, the lower bound, center and upper bound of the box plot stand for the first quartile (Q₁), median and the third quartile (Q₃) of the sign accuracy, respectively. The lower whisker and the upper whisker stand for Q₁ − 1.5 × IQR and Q₃ + 1.5 × IQR, where IQR = Q₃ − Q₁. d Violin plots showing the comparison of sign accuracy across all positions (n = 996 positions) in U2OS-FUCCI, produced by TIVelo and six other benchmarking methods. The mean sign accuracy of each method is annotated below. In the box plot inside each violin, the lower bound, center and upper bound of the box plot stand for the first quartile (Q₁), median and the third quartile (Q₃) of the sign accuracy, respectively. The lower whisker and the upper whisker stand for Q₁ − 1.5 × IQR and Q₃ + 1.5 × IQR, where IQR = Q₃ − Q₁.