Fig. 2: Signal separation and superjerk analysis of acoustic emissions (AE).

a Time series of all AE signals (colored lines) overlaid with the stress-time curve (black). Blue, green, and orange indicate dislocation-dominant (Region 1), mixed (Region 2), and crack-dominant (Region 3), respectively. b, c AE signals separated into dislocation (b) and crack (c) spectra, with 21 and 14 superjerks (dashed lines), respectively. d, e Temporal evolution of power-law energy exponents (ε) for dislocation (d) and crack (e) signals, calculated by maximum likelihood estimation between adjacent superjerks. The sample size between consecutive superjerks in (d) is 147, 287, 313, 2185, 266, 1129, 1705, 123, 21, and 9, respectively. The sample size between consecutive superjerks in (e) is 88, 71, 57, 22, 9, 17, 20, 29, and 5, respectively. The red dashed line indicates the mean field value (ε = 1.33). Data in (d and e) are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.