Fig. 4: Directed evolution of P450BM3 for N-oxidation of N-heterocycles.

Directed evolution and characterization of mutants with enhanced N-oxidation selectivity. The reactions were carried out in 1.5 mL Eppendorf (EP) tubes, each containing 1 mL of a K2HPO4/KH2PO4 buffer solution (50 mM, pH 8.0) with quinoline (1 mM), crude enzyme (960 µL), and 2 mM NADPH. The reactions were incubated at 30 °C for 16 h. Note: ‘sele.’ stands for N-oxidation selectivity, and ‘conv.’ stands for conversion. Reactions were conducted in three independent experiments (n = 3). The source data are provided in a Source Data file.