Fig. 8: Elevated galectin-9 expression correlates with poor survival in cancer patients.

A Differential expression of LGALS9 in tumor versus healthy tissue in CESC (Cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma), COAD (Colon adenocarcinoma), DLCL (Diffuse large B cell lymphoma), ESCA (Esophageal carcinoma), GBM (Glioblastoma multiforme), KIRC (Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma), KIRP (Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma), LAML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia), LGG (Brain Lower Grade Glioma), LIHC (Liver hepatocellular carcinoma), OV (Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma), PAAD (Pancreatic adenocarcinoma), READ (Rectum adenocarcinoma), SKCM (Skin Cutaneous Melanoma), STAD (Stomach adenocarcinoma), TGCT (Testicular Germ Cell Tumors), and UCEC (Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma) analyzed by the standard processing pipeline GEPIA2 with default cut-off settings⁴⁹. Statistical differences were assessed by limma model with adjusted p-values (Benjamini-Hochberg FDR). B Time-to-treatment in CLL patients with high or low galectin-9 protein levels (n = 63)⁵⁰. Differences were assessed using Cox proportional hazard model. C, D Overall survival in renal cell carcinoma (C) and glioma (D) patients with high or low LGALS9 transcript levels. Differences in survival were assessed using Cox proportional hazard model with Benjamini-Hochberg correction. E–J Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of tumor samples in renal cell carcinoma¹⁰⁴ (E–G) and glioma¹⁰⁵ (H–J). E, H UMAP plots identifying tumor, infiltrating immune cells and normal tissue cells from (E) 8 renal cell carcinoma patients, and (H) 9 glioma patients. F, I UMAP plot displaying LGALS9 expression. G, J Violin plots of LGALS9 expression in the different cell types. Source data are provided as a Source Data file Fig8.