Fig. 1: Increased serum levels of corisin in diabetic chronic kidney disease patients.

A Thirty-five patients were enrolled in the study. Thirteen patients were excluded due to ongoing anticancer therapy, incomplete datasets, or suboptimal sample quality. B Data from 20 healthy subjects served as controls. Diabetic chronic kidney disease patients were allocated into two groups: one with stage G1 (n = 16) and another with stages G2, G3, and G4 (n = 19). Five patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease were also included in the study. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by the Newman–Keuls post hoc test for comparisons among three groups. C Human corisin and corisin-like peptide sequences identified in the urine of patients with diabetic chronic kidney disease (DM-CKD) and healthy controls (HC). Staphylococcus species are the primary source of corisin in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Sequences were aligned using DECIPHER, including two reference sequences (S. nepalensis: GenBank CP120099.1; S. haemolyticus: GenBank CP071512.1). Sequence IDs represent the closest species-level match, accompanied by a unique identifier corresponding to the original sequence. D A heatmap displaying read counts from sequence IDs, representing unique peptide sequences from the original amplicons, was used to normalize relative abundance across patients. The data are plotted on a log¹⁰ scale using phyloseq. The source data are available in the Source Data file.