Fig. 4: Electrocatalytic analysis.

a HOR curves of different catalysts in H₂-saturated 0.1 M KOH with real-time iR correction of 31.0 ohms. b Calculated Tafel plots of the kinetic current density (j_k). c Comparison of kinetic mass activity (j_k,m) with an overpotential of 50 mV and exchange current density (j_{0, ECSA}) normalized by ECSA. d Long-term stability test of different catalysts at 0.1 V. e Polarization and power density curves of AEMFCs using different catalysts as anode. Test conditions: Using Co_s-SO-Ru or Pt/C (0.1 mg_Ru cm⁻²) as anode and Pt/C (0.4 mg_Pt cm⁻²) as cathode with H₂ and O₂ flow rate of 1.0 L min⁻¹. The cell, anode, and cathode humidifier temperatures are 80, 77, and 79 ^°C, respectively; back pressures were symmetric at 200 kPag for both sides. f, g Comparison of H* adsorption behavior of different catalysts in acid and alkaline conditions. h HER curves of different catalysts in 1.0 M KOH with real-time iR correction of 4.4 ohms. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.