Fig. 5: Electrocatalytic mechanistic study.

In situ ATR-SEIRAS spectra of interfacial H2O on a Cos-Ru and b Cos-SO-Ru catalysts at different potentials in 0.1 M KOH. c The deconvolution of bonded H2O peak of different catalysts at −0.1 V. d The relative fraction of different H2O configuration. e In situ ATR-SEIRAS spectra of Cos-SO-Ru at −0.1 V with increasing reaction time. f The schematic illustration of the dynamic hydrogen-bond network conformations. The dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.