Fig. 5: Field insecticidal efficacy of the UNI-EMB compared with commercial microemulsion (ME) and soluble granules (SG).

a Images of cabbage leaves treated with CK (H₂O), UNI(high), commercial ME and SG. The word in the board means “Field efficacy trial of emamectin benzoate against the Spodoptera exigua”. b Field control efficacy on Spodoptera exigua third instar larvae with the treatments of UNI(high) (3.4 g·ha⁻¹), UNI(low) (1.9 g·ha⁻¹), ME (3.4 g·ha⁻¹), SG (3.4 g·ha⁻¹). c Images of cabbage leaves treated with CK (H₂O), UNI(high), ME and SG. d Field control efficacy on Brevicoryne brassicae larvae with the treatments of UNI(high) (22.5 g·ha⁻¹), UNI(low) (18.0 g·ha⁻¹), ME (22.5 g·ha⁻¹), SG (22.5 g·ha⁻¹). e Images of pear leaves treated with CK (H₂O), UNI(high), ME and SG. f Field control efficacy on Psylla chinensis larvae with the treatments of UNI(high) (285 mg·L⁻¹), UNI(low) (207 mg·L⁻¹), ME (285 mg·L⁻¹) and SG (285 mg·L⁻¹). b, d, f n = 3 biological independent replicates; Data is presented as mean values ± SD. Statistical significance is calculated by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s HSD test (two‑sided; multiplicity‑adjusted P values).