Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of single-atom bridges across biotic-abiotic interfaces facilitating electron transfer for solar-driven H2 production.

a Conventional EET mechanism through direct contact with cytochromes or diffusing flavins: understanding EET at the semiconductors- or electrodes-microbe interface from bulk-level measurement. b Single-atom bridges across the PCN/Ru-SHE interfaces facilitate charge transfer via cytochromes C-mediated direct and flavin-mediated indirect pathways from PCN/Ru to intracellular hydrogenases for solar-driven H2 production, with the major enhancement from direct pathway: understanding EET at the semiconductors-/electrodes-microbe interface from operando single-cell measurement. Created in BioRender. Jiajing, G. (2025) https://BioRender.com/fomstig.