Fig. 3: Generation of 64 metabolite ratios and visualization of their GWAS results.

a The chord diagram depicts the generation of 64 biologically plausible metabolite ratios. Each connection represents a pathway of ratio derivation. Amino acids are denoted by yellow nodes, while metabolites in other categories are represented by blue nodes. The size of each node represents the number of metabolite ratios involving that metabolite. The darker the connecting lines, the higher the number of significant genome-wide associations for the metabolite ratios. Source data are available in Supplementary Data 5. b Examples of metabolite pairs sharing common proteins as documented in the HMDB database. Source data are available in Supplementary Data 5. c Manhattan plot displaying the GWAS results for 64 metabolite ratios. Each point represents a trait-associated locus, with its corresponding −log₁₀(P) value on the y-axis and its chromosomal position on the x-axis. Statistical analysis was performed using an additive model of linear regression implemented in PLINK2.0. Significant variants (two-sided P < 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁰, derived from Bonferroni correction for 313 metabolic traits) are shown in colors, while insignificant ones are displayed in gray. The −log₁₀(P) values are capped at 300. See abbreviations in Supplementary Data 2 and 5.