Fig. 1: Effects of structurally diverse ILs on the viabilities of cell lines, cell spheroids, and patient-derived organoids. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Effects of structurally diverse ILs on the viabilities of cell lines, cell spheroids, and patient-derived organoids.

From: Cationic alkyl chain length and nanoaggregate form of ionic liquids dominate biocompatibility and toxicity

Fig. 1

a Representative example showing the typical structures of ILs. Note that each IL comprises the following modules: cationic side chain (C), cationic head (H), and anion (A). b–d Heatmap showing the impact of the indicated ILs on the viabilities of diverse cell lines (bEnd.3, 4T1, and HepG2) using the CCK-8 assay. The types of modules (C, H, and A) varied in (b, c) and (d) respectively, while at least one module remained constant. e Cell viability analysis of machine learning model towards iteration for prediction upon HepG2 cell treatments with ILs of different modules and concentrations. The curves in the x-z plane represent the correlation between the different modules (C, H, or A) of ILs and cell viability. The curves in the y-z plane represent the correlation between the concentration of ILs and cell viability. The all investigated structures of three modules in the IL library are shown in Supplementary Fig. 1a. f Representative bright-field/confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images (left) and viability quantification (right) of cell spheroids treated with PBS (Conn), 400 μM C3MIMCl (C3), or 400 µM C12MIMCl (C12) for 24 h. Green, calcein-AM (live cells); red, propidium iodide (PI, dead cells). The cell viability was presented as the proportion of calcein-positive cells to the sum of calcein-positive and PI-positive cells. g, h Representative bright-field/CLSM images (g) and viability quantification (h) of patient-derived liver cancer organoids treated with PBS or 400 μM ILs for 24 h. Live and dead cells were stained with calcein-AM and PI, respectively. Cell viability was determined by CellTiter-Glo (CTG) assay and normalized to the control organoids. The viability data of the heat map in (b–d) represent the mean of three biologically independent samples. Data in (f) and (h) represent the mean ± s.e.m., n = 6 biologically independent samples. Statistical significance was calculated via one-way ANOVA (f, h). Source data were provided as a Source Data file.

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