Fig. 5: Assessments of IL biocompatibility and toxicity to mice upon three administration routes. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Assessments of IL biocompatibility and toxicity to mice upon three administration routes.

From: Cationic alkyl chain length and nanoaggregate form of ionic liquids dominate biocompatibility and toxicity

Fig. 5

a Experimental design for assessing the biocompatibility and toxicity of C57BL/6 mice through different routes of PBS (Conn), C3MIMCl (C3) or C12MIMCl (C12) administration. b Survival number of mice within 14 days after p.o. administration of C3MIMCl or C12MIMCl. c Representative in vivo fluorescence images of mice after p.o. administration of Cy5-C3MIMCl or Cy5-C12MIMCl at the indicated time points. d Representative ex vivo fluorescence images of the excised organs after 6 h p.o. administration of Cy5 labeled ILs. e Immunofluorescence images of histological sections after 24 h p.o. administration of ILs. Blue, DAPI (nuclei); magenta, LC3B (mitophagy); green, TUNEL (apoptosis). f Representative haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining images of organ sections (from excised stomachs and intestines) after 24 h p.o. administration of ILs. g Routine blood test for Mon% and Lym% (in white blood cells) after 24 h p.o. route of PBS or ILs. h Serum ALT, ALP, AST, BUN, and LDH levels of mice after 24 h p.o. route of PBS or ILs. The shaded gray area represents the ranges of reference data of healthy mice. Abbreviations are as follows: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase. i Survival number of mice within 14 days after i.m. (top) or i.v. (bottom) route of the indicated doses of C3MIMCl or C12MIMCl. j Representative ex vivo fluorescence images and MFI of the excised organs at 5 min after i.m. (top) or i.v. (bottom) route. k Immunofluorescence images of histological sections of mice after 24 h i.m. (top) or i.v. (bottom) route. Blue, DAPI (nuclei); magenta, LC3B (mitophagy); green, TUNEL (apoptosis). According to half of the minimum lethal doses, the doses for toxicity assessments upon p.o., i.m. and i.v. routes were 0.2 μmol/g, 0.015 μmol/g and 0.01 μmol/g, respectively. Data in (g, h) and (j) represent the mean ± s.e.m., n = 3 biologically independent mice per group. Statistical significance was compared via one-way ANOVA (g) or two-tailed Student’s t test (j). Source data were provided as a Source Data file.

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