Fig. 3: Spatial patterns and community dynamics for the four moth thermal affinity groups.

Top panels: Maps of Finland showing the spatial distribution of each thermal affinity group, with the maximum latitude of their occurrence denoted by a dashed line and site-specific data points coloured by: A the size of the available species pool (i.e., the number of species which could colonise a site based on their distribution, averaged across years) and B the abundance of moths observed in a site, averaged across years and on a logarithmic scale. Middle panels: relationships between persistence and C latitude, D abundance, and E available species pool. Bottom panels: relationships between colonisation rates and F latitude, G abundance, and H available species pool. Each point is a site-specific observation (n = 62). The lines in panels C–H are coloured according to thermal groups (cold-adapted (dark blue), cold-tolerant (light blue), warm-tolerant (yellow), warm-adapted (red)) and represent the model fits using a maximum-likelihood modelling approach (see Supplementary Table 3 for full model outputs).