Fig. 1: CD137+ tr-TILs are efficiently enriched from CUSA material.

a–f Scatter plots with bars showing (a) the frequency of CD137 on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells after debris removal, and (b) on CD3+ T cells compared with matched PBMCs (n = 161 vs. n = 77), before and after CD137 enrichment; c the number of cells, and the percentage of (d) CD45+, (e, f) CD8+ and CD4+ T cells before and after CD137 enrichment (n = 161). Data are presented as mean ± SD and statistical significance was assessed using a two-tailed unpaired t test. g ELISA quantification of IFNγ secreted by CD137+ tr-TILs and CD137- TILs co-cultured with matched GB-NS at 24 h (n = 12, with 2 technical replicates averaged prior to statistical analysis using a two-tailed unpaired t test). h Bar histograms showing CD137 MFI of macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils and tr-TILs before (pre) and after (post) enrichment (n = 5) and (i) of GB-NS belonging to proneural, classical and mesenchymal molecular subtype (n = 12). Data are presented as mean ± SD and statistical significance was assessed using a two-tailed unpaired t-test. j–m CD137 mRNA expression levels in (j) glioblastoma samples compared with tumor-free brain samples (n = 160); k CD137 expression across glioblastoma molecular subtypes: proneural, classical, and mesenchymal (n = 156); l, m CD137 expression in glioblastoma stratified by (l) MGMT promoter methylation status (n = 122) and (m) IDH1 mutation status (n = 150). Box plots show median (center line), 25th and 75th percentiles (bounds of box), and minimum and maximum values (whiskers). Statistical differences were analyzed using Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test. n–p Kaplan Meier curves of glioblastoma patients based on (n) the expression of TNFRSF9 (High TNFRSF9 [78 patients] vs. Low TNFRSF9 [77 patients]), o in MGMT met patients (High [28 patients] vs. Low [28 patients]), and (p) in MGMT unmet patients (High [33 patients] vs. Low [33 patients]); GlioVis dataportal; statistical significance between survival curves was assessed using the Log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test. Full numerical data and comprehensive details of statistical analyses are available in the corresponding source data tables for each figure. Source Data are provided as a Source Data file.