Fig. 3: Characterization of synergistic redox behavior between indigo and LPSC SE in four positive electrode composites.

a S K-edge XAS of sulfur, LPSC and four positive electrode composites with different carbon additives at 1^st 100% SOC (achieved capacity ~759 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C. b High-resolution P 2p XPS spectra of four positive electrode composites with different carbon additives at 1^st 100% SOC (achieved capacity ~759 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C). c 2D distribution of P₂S₂H^- and S₂^- TOF-SIMS negative secondary ions in indigo|KB|LPSC and indigo|SP|LPSC positive electrode composites at 1^st 100% SOC (achieved capacity ~759 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C). d, e Ex situ S K-edge XAS of indigo|KB|LPSC and indigo|SP|LPSC positive electrode composites (ASSBs at various SOC and DOD were tested at 0.1 C). f, g Ex situ FT-IR of indigo|KB|LPSC and indigo|SP|LPSC positive electrode composites. h–j,³¹P MAS NMR spectra of indigo|SP|LPSC positive electrode composite at different charge-discharge states. k Fitted curve of ³¹P MAS NMR spectra at 1^st 100% SOC state. All the battery were tested at an average temperature of 25 °C. Source data for this figure are provided as a Source Data file. XAS normalization involves subtracting the pre-edge background and scaling the post-edge region so the absorption edge step is standardized to unity for accurate comparison.