Fig. 1: Immune cell infiltration in skeletal muscle of ALS patients.

A CD45⁺ leukocytes in skeletal muscle (cross section) of control individuals (“control”) and ALS patients (“ALS”). Dystrophin co-staining also revealed notable changes in skeletal muscle architecture in ALS samples, confirming the presence of neuromuscular pathology. Scale bar = 40 µm. B Quantification of CD45⁺ cells in control (n = 4) and ALS (n = 4) patient samples. Each data point represents an average of 10 fields of view per patient. C CD68⁺ macrophage cell count in skeletal muscle (cross section) of control individuals and ALS patients. Laminin co-staining also revealed notable changes in skeletal muscle architecture in ALS samples, confirming the presence of neuromuscular pathology. Scale bar = 40 µm. D Quantification of CD68⁺ cells in control (n = 4) and ALS (n = 4) patient samples. Each data point represents an average of 10 fields of view per patient. Data is presented as mean ± sem. Both datasets were analysed using unpaired, two-tailed t-tests, (B) p = 0.0009, (D) p = 0.0388. * = p < 0.05; *** = p < 0.001.