Fig. 3: Tandem performance with photoelectric regulation.

a A schematic structure of monolithic perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. b Evaluation of reflection loss for tandem solar cells with various textured silicon configurations. c Statistical charts showing ITS, STS, and ITS(SiOX) tandem performance with 1.68 eV perovskites. d The representative J-V curves of ITS, STS, and ITS(SiOX) tandems with 1.68 eV perovskites. e EQE spectra of tandem solar cells with different perovskite bandgaps (1.66, 1.67, and 1.68 eV) determined by f PL peak positions. TOP: perovskite top subcell, BTM: silicon bottom subcell. g The steady-state PCE for the best tandem device. h The certified PCE for the best tandem device.