Fig. 1: S. thermophilus anti-phage defense systems extend beyond CRISPR-Cas and RM systems. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: S. thermophilus anti-phage defense systems extend beyond CRISPR-Cas and RM systems.

From: Strengthening phage resistance of Streptococcus thermophilus by leveraging complementary defense systems

Fig. 1

A Prevalence of known defense systems in S. thermophilus (N = 263, RefSeq as of March 2023). These systems are categorized into previously reported and newly identified in this study. The 18 systems experimentally validated in this work are highlighted in bold. The “Borvo-like” system differs from the original Borvo, being annotated as a two-gene system composed of two BovA subunits, rather than one. B Distribution of the number of defense systems per genome. The red dashed line indicates the average number of defense systems per S. thermophilus genome. C Phylogenetic tree of complete S. thermophilus genomes (N = 85), illustrating the distribution of identified defense systems. Six incomplete genomes were included to show systems which were not found in complete genomes (marked with an asterisk). Branch lengths represent the number of amino acid substitutions per site. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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