Fig. 4: Intelligent window design with full-spectrum modulation capability.
From: Isotope-driven hydrogel smart windows for self-adaptive thermoregulation
a Fabricated structure of D2O-type smart windows. b Transmittance (measured at 0.3–2.5 μm) of DPN/PVA smart windows with layers of different Ag NWs thicknesses (none: without Ag NWs: 500: Ag NWs layer spin-coated at 500 rpm; 1000: Ag NWs layer spin-coated at 1000 rpm; 2000: Ag NWs layer spin-coated at 2000 rpm; 3000: Ag NWs layer spin-coated at 3000 rpm). c, d Emissivity of the 3000 and 500 DPN/PVA smart windows at 25 °C and 43 °C, respectively. e Maximum modulation ratio of the LWIR emissivity (8–13 μm, ATW) at 25 °C and 43 °C. f Measured transmissivity (ranging from 0.3−2.5 μm) and emissivity (ranging from 3−15 μm) spectra of the 3000 DPN/PVA smart window plotted against the global solar spectrum and ATW at 25 °C and 43 °C. g Comparison of thermochromic comprehensive performance1,3,4,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78 with thermal emissivity modulation (\(\Delta {\varepsilon }_{{LWIR}}\)). h, i Temperature records of the samples (low-E glass: commercial low-emissivity glass; 500 AGD: DPN/PVA smart window with an Ag NWs layer spin-coated at 500 rpm; 3000 AGD: DPN/PVA smart window with an Ag NWs layer spin-coated at 3000 rpm; Ambient: temperature of the air) at the corresponding temperatures on October 25h, 2023, and January 26th, 2024.
